See under in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "under"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "unner"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "unnere"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*h₁én",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁én#Proto-Indo-European:_in"
],
[
"*-tér",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tér"
],
[
"*h₁entér",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁entér"
],
[
"*h₂én",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂én"
],
[
"*dʰeh₁-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰeh₁-#Proto-Indo-European:_do"
],
[
"*-dʰi",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-dʰi"
],
[
"*(H)n̥dʰí",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(H)n̥dʰí"
],
[
"*-ér",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-er"
],
[
"*(H)n̥dʰér",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(H)n̥dʰér"
],
[
"*under",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/under"
],
[
"*undar",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/undar"
],
[
"under",
"under#Old_English"
],
[
"under",
"under#Old_English"
],
[
"*undar",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/undar"
],
[
"*under",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/under"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:under",
"tree": "+"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₁én\nProto-Indo-European *-tér\nProto-Indo-European *h₁entér\nProto-Indo-European *h₂én\nProto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-?\nProto-Indo-European *-dʰi\n?\nProto-Indo-European *(H)n̥dʰí\nProto-Indo-European *-ér\nProto-Indo-European *(H)n̥dʰér\nProto-Germanic *under\nProto-West Germanic *undar\nOld English under\nMiddle English under\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*under\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*undar\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"under\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"under\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"under\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "under"
},
"expansion": "Old English under",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*undar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *undar",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*under"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *under",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:under",
"tree": "+"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₁én\nProto-Indo-European *-tér\nProto-Indo-European *h₁entér\nProto-Indo-European *h₂én\nProto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-?\nProto-Indo-European *-dʰi\n?\nProto-Indo-European *(H)n̥dʰí\nProto-Indo-European *-ér\nProto-Indo-European *(H)n̥dʰér\nProto-Germanic *under\nProto-West Germanic *undar\nOld English under\nMiddle English under",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₁én\nProto-Indo-European *-tér\nProto-Indo-European *h₁entér\nProto-Indo-European *h₂én\nProto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-?\nProto-Indo-European *-dʰi\n?\nProto-Indo-European *(H)n̥dʰí\nProto-Indo-European *-ér\nProto-Indo-European *(H)n̥dʰér\nProto-Germanic *under\nProto-West Germanic *undar\nOld English under\nMiddle English under\nFrom Old English under, from Proto-West Germanic *undar, from Proto-Germanic *under.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "vnder",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "onder",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "preposition"
},
"expansion": "under",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"under"
],
"id": "en-under-enm-prep-12d0imA3",
"links": [
[
"under",
"#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"among"
],
"id": "en-under-enm-prep-dmwdE6Pg",
"links": [
[
"among",
"among"
]
]
}
],
"word": "under"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with etymology trees",
"Middle English entries with etymon",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English prepositions",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰeh₁-",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *(H)n̥dʰér",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *h₁entér",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *h₁én",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *h₂én",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 11 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "under"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "unner"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "unnere"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*h₁én",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁én#Proto-Indo-European:_in"
],
[
"*-tér",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tér"
],
[
"*h₁entér",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁entér"
],
[
"*h₂én",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂én"
],
[
"*dʰeh₁-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰeh₁-#Proto-Indo-European:_do"
],
[
"*-dʰi",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-dʰi"
],
[
"*(H)n̥dʰí",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(H)n̥dʰí"
],
[
"*-ér",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-er"
],
[
"*(H)n̥dʰér",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(H)n̥dʰér"
],
[
"*under",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/under"
],
[
"*undar",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/undar"
],
[
"under",
"under#Old_English"
],
[
"under",
"under#Old_English"
],
[
"*undar",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/undar"
],
[
"*under",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/under"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:under",
"tree": "+"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₁én\nProto-Indo-European *-tér\nProto-Indo-European *h₁entér\nProto-Indo-European *h₂én\nProto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-?\nProto-Indo-European *-dʰi\n?\nProto-Indo-European *(H)n̥dʰí\nProto-Indo-European *-ér\nProto-Indo-European *(H)n̥dʰér\nProto-Germanic *under\nProto-West Germanic *undar\nOld English under\nMiddle English under\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*under\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*undar\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"under\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"under\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"under\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "under"
},
"expansion": "Old English under",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*undar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *undar",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*under"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *under",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:under",
"tree": "+"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₁én\nProto-Indo-European *-tér\nProto-Indo-European *h₁entér\nProto-Indo-European *h₂én\nProto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-?\nProto-Indo-European *-dʰi\n?\nProto-Indo-European *(H)n̥dʰí\nProto-Indo-European *-ér\nProto-Indo-European *(H)n̥dʰér\nProto-Germanic *under\nProto-West Germanic *undar\nOld English under\nMiddle English under",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₁én\nProto-Indo-European *-tér\nProto-Indo-European *h₁entér\nProto-Indo-European *h₂én\nProto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-?\nProto-Indo-European *-dʰi\n?\nProto-Indo-European *(H)n̥dʰí\nProto-Indo-European *-ér\nProto-Indo-European *(H)n̥dʰér\nProto-Germanic *under\nProto-West Germanic *undar\nOld English under\nMiddle English under\nFrom Old English under, from Proto-West Germanic *undar, from Proto-Germanic *under.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "vnder",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "onder",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "preposition"
},
"expansion": "under",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"under"
],
"links": [
[
"under",
"#English"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"among"
],
"links": [
[
"among",
"among"
]
]
}
],
"word": "under"
}
Download raw JSONL data for under meaning in Middle English (5.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-10-01 using wiktextract (f9fe161 and 6f96ddf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.